Hokkaido is Japan’s northernmost and only prefecture designated as a “Dō” (道), known for its vast natural landscapes, unique history, and rich cultural diversity. It boasts the largest land area among all Japanese prefectures, with its capital city being Sapporo, a government ordinance-designated city. Hokkaido has earned top rankings for 16 consecutive years in the “Prefectural Attractiveness Ranking” by the Brand Research Institute as of 2024, garnering high praise both domestically and internationally.
Origin of the Name
The name “Hokkaido” was officially established in 1869 (Meiji 2) based on a proposal by explorer Takeshiro Matsuura. Before that, it was known as “Ezochi” (land of the Ezo people). To the indigenous Ainu people, the region was called Ainu Mosir, meaning “land where people live,” and was home to a unique culture that lived in harmony with nature.
History and Administrative Structure
Like other prefectures, Hokkaido is a standard local public entity governed under Japan’s Local Autonomy Law, yet it is the only one called a “Dō” (道). The former “Hokkaido Agency,” established during the Meiji period, was abolished with the enforcement of the Local Autonomy Law in 1947, transitioning to the current administrative system. Despite functioning similarly to other prefectures, Hokkaido retains distinct regional terms such as Dōnai (within the prefecture), Dōsan (Hokkaido products), and Hondō (this region).
Geography and Natural Environment
Centered on the main island of Hokkaido, the region offers a wide variety of natural landscapes, including expansive mountain ranges, forests, lakes, wilderness, and coastlines. The distinct four seasons are especially noticeable here—winter brings breathtaking snowy scenes, while summer offers cool highland climates, each season showcasing a different charm.
Climate Diversity
Hokkaido’s climate is significantly different from mainland Japan and is generally classified as a humid continental climate (Köppen Df). However, there is considerable variation across regions:
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Southern Hokkaido (e.g., Hakodate): Experiences a relatively mild climate similar to humid subtropical or oceanic climates, with less snowfall.
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Central/Northern/Eastern inland areas (e.g., Asahikawa, Obihiro): Harsh winters with temperatures sometimes dropping below -20°C; snow remains on the ground for extended periods.
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Pacific Coast (e.g., Kushiro, Nemuro): Cool and foggy summers due to the Oyashio current; relatively little snow in winter.
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Sea of Japan side (e.g., Otaru, Rumoi): Known for heavy snowfall; some areas are designated as special heavy snow regions.
Due to these differences, the climate and lifestyle across Hokkaido vary significantly by region.
Modern Hokkaido and Its Appeal
In addition to agriculture, fisheries, and livestock industries, Hokkaido plays a major role in tourism.
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A Food Paradise: Known for high-quality local produce and cuisine such as dairy products, potatoes, corn, seafood (crab, sea urchin, scallops), and dishes like Jingisukan (grilled mutton).
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Diverse Tourist Attractions: From urban tourism in cities like Sapporo and Hakodate, to the flower fields of Furano and Biei, natural wonders like Shiretoko, Akan, and the Daisetsuzan mountains, to ski resorts in Niseko and Rusutsu.
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Culture and History: Efforts to preserve and revive Ainu culture are ongoing, with facilities like Upopoy (National Ainu Museum and Park) serving as key cultural hubs.
Hokkaido Today and Looking Ahead
Hokkaido embodies regional uniqueness while representing the broader diversity of Japan. Despite challenges such as population decline and issues specific to cold climates, the region is exploring new avenues for creating value—including renewable energy development, advancements in primary industries, and the promotion of tourism and cultural resources.
In Conclusion
Hokkaido is a region that combines majestic nature, cultural richness, and abundant resources—one of Japan’s most captivating areas. It is a place where visitors can enjoy the beauty of the four seasons and engage with the local people, experiencing the distinct character of the land. Whether as a travel destination or a place to live, Hokkaido offers special “experiences” and “lifestyles”—that is the true charm of Hokkaido.
